Category: Birds

The grey fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa) has a wide Australian distribution but is also found in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. 

There are five named subpopulations in Australia. At Paluma, we have the eastern Australian subspecies Rhipidura albiscapa keasti, most commonly found along the coast and ranges to our north and south. This population is regarded as sedentary, while most others are migratory or nomadic.

P. a. keasti is distinguished by having the darkest plumage of the grey fantails.

During waking hours, the grey fantails are almost never still. They flit from perch to perch, sometimes on the ground but mostly on the twigs of a tree or any other convenient object, looking out for flying insects. They are able to catch flying insects using intricate acrobatic chases.

The birds are not shy, and will often flit within a few metres of people, especially in forested areas and suburban gardens. In doing so, it is able to catch any small flying insects that may have been disturbed by human activities such as walking or digging.

Most bird species typically build one nest in a breeding season, but grey fantails commonly build more than one nest before egg-laying, and seven nests have been recorded as the highest number in a breeding season.

There is a hypothesis explaining nest abandonment in this species. Abandoned nests could be used to confuse predators. In fact, a large number of abandoned nests exposed on trees are significantly less concealed than nests that eventually received eggs. Grey fantail eggs and fledglings are a favored prey of pied currawongs.

Some of the materials from decoy nests may be used to construct the subsequent breeding nest. They raise several broods per season, usually each of three or four cream eggs, spotted grey and brown. The incubation period is around two weeks, with incubation and feeding duties shared by both parents.

Photographs taken by Peter Cooke in Smith Crescent.
Text is largely an edited version of a Wikipedia entry.

Last year a pair of white cheeked honeyeaters (Phylidonyris niger) nested in the deep cover provided by the straplike leaves of the Lomandra clumps in our backyard at #56.

They’re back again this year in the same place.

We’ve avoided the nest site but from our back deck they can be seen coming and going busily now in early May.

White-cheeked Honeyeaters pair monogamously for the breeding season, with males defending breeding territories that can be held for several years. Males aggressively attack other birds of their own and other species during the breeding season, but not familiar birds such as their own mates, relatives and resident neighbours.

The female builds a cup-shaped nest from twigs, bark, and other plant materials, lined with pieces of flowers (e.g. Banksias, Isopogons).

And as the beak of the nest-building in our photo indicates the nest is kept together with spider web.

The nest is well-concealed in dense foliage or in grass (like Lomandra) below shrubs and ferns or placed low in forked branches of trees or shrubs, often close to the ground. Both parents feed young.

The White-cheeked Honeyeater is endemic to eastern and south-western Australia, ranging from east of the Great Divide in Queensland through coastal New South Wales, becoming scattered south to Jervis Bay. Also in south-western Western Australia and from Perth northwards to Murchison River.

The populations in the east and west are quite unconnected.

The white-cheeked honeyeater looks very similar to the New Holland Honeyeater which can be distinguished by its white eye.

Photos by Peter Cooke and text mostly from Birds in Backyards site.

The e-Bird website describes the Pale-Yellow Robin as “a rotund little robin, olive above, with gray head, yellow underparts, and white around the base of the bill”. 

Our picture illustrates its common feeding behaviour: “Perching on low branches and on the side of tree trunks, from which it drops to the ground to capture prey”— in this case a nice fat worm on the gravel near the Village Green toilets..

Pale-Yellow Robins are very similar in appearance to Eastern Yellow Robins but Pale-yellows are smaller than Eastern Yellows (12 cm in length as opposed to 15) and have morewhite around the beak and throat. The Eastern Yellows have black legs, more vibrant yellow plumage and a longer tail. 

There are two sub-species of Pale-Yellow Robin. The nominate and southern race is Tregellasia capito and the northern race is distinguished by addition of a sub-species name nana — latin for dwarf. 

The northern sub-species is found from near Cooktown to Paluma and the southern ones are found between Barrington Tops in NSW to the Mary River in Queensland. 

Pale yellow Robins are sedentary and favour rainforests and dense eucalypt forests, particularly where lawyer vine is found. 

They use the prickly lawyer vine (Calamus muelleri) as nesting material and as a nest site. The nest may be anywhere up to 10 m above the ground, though often much lower. Breeding season is July to December with one, or sometimes two, broods. A clutch of 2 oval eggs, measuring 20 by 15 millimetres (0.79 in × 0.59 in), is laid. They are pale green, splotched with brownish marks. 

Smith Crescent has a great variety of rainforest species, some regulars and others occasional. Jan Cooke saw a Yellow Breasted Boat bill there last week and a few years back a Rhodesian birder got good shots of a Paradise Kingfisher well above its usual altitude. .

Photograph by Peter Cooke.
Text assembled by PC from various plagiarised sources.

The Wet Tropics crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans nigrescens) is commonly seen at Paluma delicately feeding on lawn seeds or flowers like the Albizia outside the Ivy Cottage.

P. e. nigrescens is the smallest of sub-species of the widely distributed crimson rosella. The sub-species was first described in 1988 by Edward Pierson Ramsay who noted its darker crimson plumage, black back and nape, and smaller size yet larger bill. It was also known as “northern crimson parrot” or “Campbell’s parakeet”, after Alexander James Campbell.

Wet Tropics crimson rosella is an appropriate common name based on its limited distribution.

In the breeding season, Wet Tropics crimson rosellas will only forage with their mate. Outside of the breeding season, crimson rosellas tend to congregate in pairs or small groups and feeding parties. The largest groups are usually composed of juveniles, who gather in flocks of up to 20 individuals, usually much fewer at Paluma. When they forage, they are conspicuous and chatter quietly.

Mutual preening is not exhibited by the playcercus genus, and the courtship display is simple; the male waves his tail sideways, and engages in some head bobbing, and the female reciprocates.

The female chooses the nest site. Like most parrots, they are cavity nesters, generally nesting high and in deep cavities in older large trees in forested areas. They generally have a clutch size of several eggs which are incubated for around 21 days by the female alone. The male feeds the female through this time and for some time after incubation concludes. Quickly covered in white down, chicks take around five weeks to fledge.

Platycercus are most proprietorial of their nesting sites. During the breeding season, it is common for females to fly to other nests and destroy the eggs and in fact, this is the most common cause for an egg failing to hatch.  This behaviour is thought to be a function of competition for suitable nesting hollows, since a nest will be abandoned if all the eggs in it are destroyed.

A pair of rosellas will tend to nest in the same area from year to year during their 20-year lifespan.

The name rosella is said to have come from the first encounters of Early European settlers with eastern rosellas at Rose Hill, New South Wales, now Parramatta, and so they called it the Rosehill parakeet, which became “Rosehiller”, and eventually “rosella”.

The species as it now stands has subsumed two former separate species, the yellow rosella and the Adelaide rosella. Molecular studies show P. e. nigrescens, one of the three red-coloured races, is genetically more distinct.

Compiled by Peter Cooke from a variety of sources, mostly Wikipedia.
Photos also by PC.

Pigeons are among the most broadly distributed and widely recognised bird groups. All pigeons belong to the family Columbidae, which has 42 genera and 316 species. Although the number of species of pigeon that can be found around Paluma is not particularly large (about 8 rainforest species in and around the village) we host some of the most striking and colourful species to be found in Australia. The white-headed pigeon (Columba leucomela) belongs to the former group, having a striking black and white plumage with just a dash of colour around the eyes and bill.

In Paluma it can be seen flying overhead in small groups, and foraging in the canopy of Bollygum (Neolitsea) and other local fruiting trees. It is found from Cooktown to Eden in NSW predominantly in rainforests and gallery forests along creeks and gullies. While not uncommon, it tends to feed quietly in the mid to upper canopy so it is not easily spotted along the village tracks.

Although it is not threatened if was previously a preferred target for hunters, which depressed populations along much of its range.

The White-headed Pigeon is the only native member of genus Columba in Australia. The only other member in Australia is the ubiquitous and frequently maligned Rock Dove or Feral Pigeon (Columba livia) which occurs worldwide in areas of human habitation.

Pigeons are monogamous with both parents helping to raise their young. There are almost exclusively seed eaters (granivores) or fruit eaters (frugivores). When feeding their young, many other vegetarian bird species switch to energy and protein rich insects to promote rapid nestling growth. Pigeons, however, feed their young on a highly nutritious “crop milk”, which is a secretion from the lining of the crop (a muscular pouch near the throat of many birds). This useful trait is analogous to lactation in mammals.

Crop milk (often called Pigeon milk) is produced only by pigeons, although flamingoes and penguins also feed their young from secretions from different parts of the gut.

The extinct Dodo and Solitaire (Genus Raphus) are also formally included in the pigeon family (Columbidae).

Australia Post published a series of 4 pigeon stamps in 2021. Three of these are to be found in Paluma, including the White-headed pigeon.

Text by Jamie Oliver, photos as indicated

One of the more spectacular birds in Paluma rainforests, the Buff-breasted Paradise Kingfisher (Tanysiptera sylvia) is most commonly seen as a small bundle of blue and white with trailing streamers flying across the range road during the wet season between culverts 165-175.

There is something about extravagant elongate plumes that is attractive to humans. In New Guinea bird plumes are highly prized for personal adornment on headdresses. In Europe the passion for plumes nearly led to the decimation of several bird species. Here in Australia, it drives birdwatchers to make pilgrimages, cameras and obscenely long lenses in hand, to observe and photograph them. Our sole representative of this group of memorable birds does not disappoint those lucky enough to get a good view. According to ebird, the Buff-breasted Paradise Kingfisher (PKF) has been seen 6 times around Paluma Village, although it is not clear if these records extend down the range or refer only to the village.

The Buff-breasted PKF like most other species in the genus builds its nest in termite mounds on the ground. They spend the dry season in New Guinea and migrate to NE Queensland at the onset of summer rains. Once they have arrived they spend some time establishing a territory and jointly excavating a fresh hole in an active termite mound of the species Microcerotermes serratus. A long-term study in the Iron Range National Park, indicated that birds return to the same area (and often the same mound) each year with the same mate. They lay 2-4 eggs and both partners share in feeding of the young. Occasionally another young male may help in feeding the young. This behaviour has been reported in Kookaburras, which are also Kingfishers. With the Buff-breasted PKF it is not known if these helpers are genetically related to the mating pair (older offspring) or if unrelated young males who have not managed to attract a mate and choose to help out in the hopes of bonding with one of the female hatchlings and mating in the subsequent year – avian cradle-snatching!

The genus Tanysiptera comes from the greek word tanusipteros meaning long-feathered. Wikipedia indicates the species name is from the latin word for forest (sylvia) although I prefer a more poetic derivation from the same word in ancient greek that refers to a nymph of the forest that served the goddess Artemis.

Paradise kingfishers are found almost exclusively in Papua New Guinea and offshore islands with the exception of two species one from the Moluccas and the other from NE Queensland. All of the nine species are primarily forest dwellers and have long tail streamers. Most are brightly coloured, and all are very territorial. They feed on insects and other small invertebrates on the forest floor.

Last week I stopped near culvert 175 to talk to a couple of birdwatchers who had come up from Townville after one of their mates reported seeing one. They were not successful but they pointed out a quite large and conspicuous termite mount on the uphill site that was excavated, so there is still a good chance to see these wonderful birds if you keep a close lookout on the range road above culvert 165.

Text by Jamie Oliver, Photos as indicated

Pittas are a group of some 40 species distributed around SE Asia (with one species in Africa). They rank amongst the most gorgeous yet elusive inhabitants of tropical rainforest and are deservedly referred to as ‘jewels of the forest’. The banner for this post gives you a sample of the range and richness of their plumage. Their brilliant colours, and secretive nature has made them targets of interest, and occasionally obsession amongst birdwatchers. A prime example of the latter is documented by Chris Goodie, who has published an entire book (The Jewel Hunter) on his efforts and adventures tracking down every species of Pitta in one year. It’s a delightful and informative read.

Our local species of Pitta is the Noisy Pitta (Pitta versicolor). It is one of 3 species that are resident in Australia. While its plumage is more subdued that some of the species found elsewhere and overseas, its rich colours, with flashes of bright blue when flying make it one of my favourites.

Luckily here in Paluma the Noisy Pitta has become quite accustomed to human activity, and while it does not come to bird feeders I have had Pittas following me around my garden picking up earth worms and other invertebrates exposed by my digging. Glimpses of Pittas flying across the upper rainforested sections of the range road are quite common. A casual day visitor to Paluma is not guaranteed a glimpse of this bird, but its call is usually heard around the village and once learned it is easy to recognize. It’s distinct and regular song is part of its strongly territorial behaviour.

Like most other Pittas, the Noisy Pitta is monogamous and males share the jobs of nest-building and feeding of chicks. Breeding occurs from October to April. The nest is usually a dome-shaped mound of twigs on or near the ground with an opening on the side accessed by a ramp of twigs often paved with mud or debris. While fairly substantial in size they are almost indistinguishable from the pile of twigs that can often be found in the forest leaning up against a tree or sapling.

Pittas spend most of their time foraging on the forest floor for earthworms, snails and other invertebrates. Their feeding behaviour includes two traits that are, in turn fascinating and endearing. Pittas are among the few groups of birds to use tools (in a rather generic sense). Their fondness for snails, and the difficulty in accessing the animal once it has retracted into its shell has led to Pittas taking shells to a specific rock or hard tree root and then repeatedly smashing the shell against this “anvil” until all of the flesh has been exposed.

Persistent small piles of shells have been reported next to rock anvils by keen observers in other areas, but I am not sure how common this is around Paluma – I have never seen this, suitable snails may not be that common here, while earthworms are abundant.

Speaking of annelids (the group of invertebrates that includes most worms), one endearing trait of The Noisy Pitta – at least to those of us that spend time tramping along wet forest tracks- is that they are partial to eating a close relative of the earthworm – leeches. Forget about the jewelled plumage, any animal that contributes to the control of leach populations has my undying affection! This dietary interest was discovered here in Paluma and published by one of our famous ex-residents, Cliff Frith who observed a parent with six leeches in its beak returning to feed its nestlings.

While some Pitta species in SE Asia are considered endangered or threatened the status of the Noisy Pitta is of least concern, with a widespread distribution in Qld and occasionally New Guinea. Nevertheless, rainforest clearing and feral cats are key threatening processes which could change its status.

Text and photos (unless specified) by Jamie Oliver

The Spotted Catbird (Ailuroedus maculosus) is an unmistakable part of the soundscape of upland rainforests in northeast Queensland. Its eponymous call is indeed very catlike, but despite its aural ubiquity it is rather secretive and is frustratingly difficult to spot in the foliage of the middle forest canopy.

It took me many visits up to Paluma after I first arrived in Australia to finally spot the bird that I had heard repeatedly on every visit. Now that I have a house in Paluma with a bird feeder, I get great views every morning.

This main call is used by a mating pair to establish and defend a territory.

Pairs and groups also communicate with each other using a softer single-note call that is often heard but seldom associated with the catbird to non-birders.

The Spotted Catbird is one of 10 species of catbirds (genus Ailuroedus), which can be found only in New Guinea and Australia. Two species are endemic to Australia (Spotted and Green Catbirds), while a third occurs in the Cape York rainforest and New Guinea.

Like our previous bird of the month, catbirds belong to the bowerbird family (Ptilonorhynchidae). However, unlike all other bowerbirds, they are much less flamboyant in both their plumage and behaviour. Catbirds have a relatively subdued colouration, usually a mix of green on the back and cream to tan mottling on the undersides, with males and females looking alike. They also eschew the hectic and showy romantic antics of other male bowerbirds that build elaborate bowers or stages and compete fiercely to attract multiple mates. Instead, catbird males are monogamous (stick with a single partner) and share parental duties at the nest.

The Spotted Catbird eat mostly fruit supplemented by insects – and the occasional nestling or eggs of smaller birds. Like other bowerbirds, they are very long-lived, with one tagged individual recorded over 19 years! They live mainly above 900m and are relatively sedentary, travelling no more than 2km (typically 70m) to forage for food. Pairs of birds defend a territory of about 1.6ha during the breeding season (August to March).

Text and Photos by Jamie Oliver