Last Thursday, I did an evening walk around the H-Track with two prospective new residents (John and Anneshka) and we were rewarded with the sounds of three frog species and superb views of fluorescent liverworts and luminous mushrooms. Some of the mushrooms were bigger than I have previously seen (2-3cm caps) and we even discovered some tiny fluorescent mushrooms. The recent rains up at Paluma have definitely livened up the forest and there is more substantial rain predicted later this week, so the prospects are good for an interesting night walk this Saturday (with little rain predicted on Saturday). Some of our endemic Paluma snails are almost certainly going to be out grazing and there is always a chance of seeing a Bandicoot or Pademelon.
This time we will head to McClellands Lookout and then along the track to Witts Lookout. Earlier this year, on a night walk along this track after heavy rain, large portions of the forest floor as well as entire dead logs were completely aglow with luminous fungal mycelia so we could be in for a substantial light show.
We will meet at Potters Park on Saturday at 7pm. Bring along a head torch and UV torch if you have one.
It was wet and cold but good weather for frogs and snails
The inclement weather probably accounted for the fact that Juanita and I were on our own last Saturday night and even we decided to take a shortened walk via Lennox Cr to McClelland’s lookout. However, the rain certainly didn’t discourage two groups of nocturnal animals that love moist weather. The robust whistling frog (Austrochaperina robusta) was calling continuously all around Lennox Cr.
This small frog is seldom seen (I have never seen one!) but is one of the most familiar nighttime sounds around Paluma whenever the weather is wet. We got within half a meter of several calling individuals but they were very well hidden. Another common frog around Paluma that is very noisy but highly secretive is the southern ornate nursery frog (Cophixalus ornatus). It too could be heard during the walk but much less frequently and as usual we did not see one (although I did spot one once in my garden last year). Have a listen to the calls below and see if they sound familiar.
Although it was not calling on Saturday night we did spot our resident yellow-thighed tree frog hanging out near our concrete wash-tub pond at home at the end of the walk.
Our resident orange-thighed tree frog (Litoria xanthomera)
The other group of animals that reliably comes out at night, especially when it’s wet, is land snails. Australia has a very rich diversity of endemic land snails ranging from ones with full-sized shells to semi-slugs with a very small vestigial shell that they cannot retreat into and is normally covered by a layer of tissue. We saw two snail species and my best guess is that they were both locally endemic snails named after our village!
Dark Paluma banded snail (Steorra jimfergusoni)
Paluma semi-slug (Fastosarion paluma). Note the orange vestigial shell slightly exposed in the right hand image.
Using UV torches has become de rigueur on our night walks and while we did not come across any of the striking fluorescent blue liverworts that we often see on the H-Track, a couple of trees had strikingly fluorescent lichens. Juanita took several pictures and then returned on Sunday morning to get comparative daytime shots of the same patches. The difference is amazing.
Fluorescent lichen on trees under UV light (left) and during the day (right). Photos by Juanita Poletto
We will have another night walk in around 2 months time and would love some company if you are up in Paluma and feel like a night-time stroll. We always seem to find something interesting!
Text by Jamie Oliver; photos by Jamie Oliver unless indicated
This is a reminder that the next Paluma After Dark walk will be this Saturday, August 27th. We will meet at 6:30pm at Potters Park opposite 27 Lennox Cr. It could be a bit chilly and there is a small chance of rain, so bring a jacket/raincoat as well as a torch. I will have spare UV torches for anyone who is interested in looking for fluorescent liverworts or lichen. Hopefully, we will see some bandicoots and pademelons along the track.
The recent “Paluma After Dark” night walk took place last Saturday night at Don Battersby’s place on Hussey Road. The walk was well attended, with 7 locals and 5 visitors. A quick tour of Don’s property revealed a few interesting fluorescing lichens and plants and several tiny prowling wolf spiders whose eyeshine seemed disproportionately bright for their tiny size.
Once into the forest behind Don’s block we were given a full tour of the track to Ethel Creek and back via Hussey Road.
Top Left: A green suppleljack vine (Rhipognium album) fluorescing bright blue. Top Righ: An unidentified seedling with green leaves fluorescing bright red Bottom Left: A common but beautiful night moth with bright eyeshine (Bracca rotundata) Bottom Right: The jungle huntsman spider (Heteropoda jugulans is a common Paluma species Top photos by Jamie Oliver; Bottom Photos by Juanita Poletto
Using the various UV torches on hand, we saw several glowing supplejack vines, many brilliant red tree seedlings and several spiders, including the common jungle huntsman. Several mossy logs also had a sprinkling of fluorescent bryophytes similar to ones we have previously found on the H-Track.A couple of us also heard and caught a fleeting glimpse of a native rat, but not enough to identify the species.
On the way back to Don’s, walking along Hussey road with heavy feet and flagging attention, Juanita spotted some eyeshine in a tree beside the road. Closer inspection showed it to be a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). Although about 5m up and partly obscured by branches it was nevertheless easy to make out the facial markings and skin folds between fore and rear legs that provide for fairly positive identification. It was a great ending to the evening and is the first arboreal mammal that many of us have seen in Paluma. As an added bonus, one of several leaf-tailed geckos (Saltuarius cornutus) living in Don’s shed came out to bid us goodbye as we prepared to leave. Below are pictures (not taken that night) that illustrate these last two species.
Left: A sugar glider near the Lake Eacham looking very similar to the one we saw Right: One of the leaf-tailed geckos living in Don’s shed – taken last year Photos by Jamie Olive
Many thanks to Don, for his enthusiasm and stamina in leading this walk.
Our next walk will be in August and will be advertised on the web.
The next scheduled Paluma After Dark evening walk will be this Saturday evening at 6:30pm. This time we will be exploring Don Battersby’s property and nearby forest for animals that he has seen around there over the last decade or more.
We will meet at 6:30pm at Don’s place just around the first bend of Hussey Road on the left. Bring a head torch and UV light if you have them – and warm clothes!
The UV lights have proven useful in highlighting some highly flourescent mosses, liverworts and other seedlings, but they are also known to pick up scorpions. I can testify that this is the case for at least one scorpion species that was spotted during my recent trip with Tony and Julie Bligh across the Simpson Desert. Paluma also has at least on species of scorpion so we might see one of these on the prowl this Saturday
The wet season was late to start this year and in the forest this was reflected in the relative paucity of mushrooms and other fungi during the initial months of this year. The recent late season rains have partly made up for this, although the cooler weather may have inhibited growth in some varieties. I have been keeping record of any mushrooms I have seen since January when I got back from travelling out west and decided to compile a gallery of the results, together with any preliminary identifications I have been able to glean from various references.
One of the highlights for me this year was a blue mushroom that I had seen in previous years but never photographed. This species is quite different from the one that Michele photographed last year (and which I misidentified as being the one pictured here). It has a more mat surface and more muted colour but is quite striking nonetheless.
Entolama hochstetteri is also referred to as E. virescens (a Japanese species) on many web pages and there may still be some uncertainty over which name is most appropriate (or indeed whether it is a separate possibly undescribed species). If you care to do some further reading there is a very readable article in the Queensland Mycologist 12(2):5-8. It’s an unusually fun read with historical anecdotes as well as a brief diversion to discuss the national origin of Pavlova! In New Zealand, where the species was first described, the indigenous name for E. hochstetteri is called “Werewere kokako” which translates as “Kokako’s wattle” referring to the similarity in colour between the mushroom and the facial wattle of the Kokako, a native wattlebird, both of which are featured on the NewZealand $50 note.
The mushroom below (Schizophylllum commune – split gill fungus) is currently still visible growing on old pine logs (ask Lynda Radbone if you would like to see it). Michele Bird first noticed it and its unusual shape led us to think it might be something rare and unique. However it turns out to be a common cosomopolitan species often seen growing on dead wood in gardens and forests. has a shape and texture quite unlike most other mushrooms. it gest its name from the fact that the gills on the undersurface can split lengthwise. The upper surface can be covered in fine white “fluff” and its colour ranges from brown or cream to pale green. This mushroom is considered pathogenic with recent research indicating it can cause respiratory diseases. DO NOT SMELL IT!
UndersurfaceSchyzophyllum commune
Coral fungi are always a joy to see, and this one found by Juanita on the H-track is no exception. It is probably a member of the genus Aphelaria.
Aphelaria sp – Coral Fungus, photo by Juanita Poletto
Identification of a mushroom usually requires a check of the undersurface of the cap to determine if it has gills (Agarics) or fine pores (Boletes or Polypores) The mushroom below is a typical bolete. It most probably belongs to the genus Boletellus and looks like the “shaggy cap” B. emodensis. I’ve found this a couple of times along dryer sections of the Witts lookout track and the Bluegum track. Its attractive pink flakey cap and yellow undersurface are very distinctive.
Boletellus cf emodensis – Shaggy cap
Little red mushrooms are a common sight along the forest tracks poking up from the leaf litter. This one is probably Hygrocybe miniata, which has a mat red surface, a cap that becomes flattened or even concave as it grows larger.
Hygrocybe cf miniata – vermillion waxcap
A few other specimens found over the last few months are set out below – with names where I have found something likely.
Hygrocybe cf proceraHygrocybe cf proceraRussula spRussula spEntoloma pamelae?Entoloma pamelae?Laetiporus sulphureusLaetiporus sulphureus Chicken of the woodsMycena chlorophosMycena chlorophosFiloboletus manipularisFiloboletus manipularis
Text and photos (unless indicated) by Jamie Oliver
This Saturday’s Paluma After Dark walk along Lennox Cr and the start of the H-Track was a success with a small but enthusiastic group of residents and a bit of luck with the inclement weather. Colwyn Campbell was able to joint the group, together with Michele Bird, Jodie Pace, Juanita Poletto and myself. Fortunately, the rain paused just before our scheduled walk and started up again just as we finished. The wet forest floor was covered in gleaming droplets lit up by our torches, but we were still able to see eyeshine from some huntsman spiders and a nocturnal moth. There were several larger items on display as well, including a medium-sized amethystine python crossing the path in front of us, a native rat glowing bluish in our UV lights, a small colony of glow worms (and a minute luminous mushroom) along Lennox Cr. and a large log covered in brilliantly fluorescing liverworts.
One of the things we learned on the walk was that when it comes to using UV light to bring out fluorescence, “torches ain’t torches”. The common inexpensive UV torches available in Townsville stores emit light that is only just within the UV range and also produce substantial visible violet light that can mask or mute the fluorescence. A recently purchased (but more expensive) UV light that emits more light fully in the UV range (365nm) induced more brilliantly blue fluorescence in the liverworts, but also created stunning red fluorescence in some mosses and the new leaves of small seedlings in the forest floor.
Here are a few photos from the walk that will hopefully inspire others to join our next walk in June.
The second “Paluma After Dark” night walk is scheduled for this Saturday at 7pm, starting at Potters Park (27 Lennox Cr).
In the weeks since the inaugural walk in March, there have been a number of unofficial night walks around the village that has uncovered some additional features that can be easily seen along Lennox Cr or the H-track. The most spectacular is the discovery of brilliant green fluorescent liverworts along the H-track. These small moss-like plants are not normally visible in the dark, but suddenly glow electric blue when illuminated with UV light. On the H-track, these liverworts can cover entire logs, mostly as an understory plant beneath and between moss and other non-fluorescing liverworts. Andi Cairns, who is a local expert on liverworts organized a dedicated collecting trip with me and Will Cairns as collectors (the most conspicuously fluorescing logs were just out of wheelchair access range for Andi.) Andi has identified the species as Bazzania vittata.
A rotten log on the H-track. Top left: Illuminated by normal torchlight. Top Right: Illuminated with a UV torch. Bottom: Using both torches to show how the fluorescent species is a relatively inconspicuous component of the surface of the log, which is dominated by a moss and a larger liverwort, Photos by Will Cairns.
After consulting her network of experts from other states and countries it appears that this phenomenon is a recently discovered property of just a few species. And her posts and pictures have motivated other bryologists to go out with UV torches to see what they can find! There is active speculation (but no firm conclusions) on what adaptive advantage this fluorescence confers on the liverwort. It is possible that it provides some protection against UV damage as the fluorescence serves to absorb potentially harmful UV and re-emit it as safe visible light, but there may be other possible explanations.
Another log glowing brightly under UV illumination. Left: under normal torch light. Right: Illuminated with UV torch only. Photos by Jamie Oliver
I have been out on 4 occasions over the last month and have seen these glowing liverworts each time, so I am pretty sure they will be visible during our next Paluma After Dark walk this Saturday.
The other discovery (at least for me personally) is that there is a small colony of glow worms living on a low vertical earth cutting just before the first left-hand bend in the crescent (starting from Potters Park). Several residents have mentioned to me that they have seen glow worms in the past around Paluma, but it’s great to find some right along the road near my house. unlike the fluorescent liverworts, glow worms are bioluminescent and emit light during the nighttime to attract small insects that they feed on. Glow worms are actually the larval phase of a small fly (several species of fungus gnat) belonging to 3 genera. In Australia & NZ there are nine species belonging to the genus Arachnocampa. Here in Queensland the predominant and endemic species is Arachnocampa tropica, which can be found throughout the wet tropics. The larvae of all glow worms produce a series of horizontal and vertical threads with viscous droplets that act as a fly trap for small insects. The larvae live and grow for about 6-11 months while the adult is very short-lived.
Left: No torch lighting-Close up of the luminous larvae (top centre) and adjacent threads and droplets . Right: the entire trap illuminated by torchlight with larva top centre. Photos by Jamie Oliver
I will certainly ensure that we check these out as well during our next night walk.
Text by Jamie Oliver, photos as indicated
The next Paluma After Dark walk will be at 7 pm, Saturday, April 23, at Potters Park (27 Lennox Cr). Bring a head torch and a UV torch if you have one. I will have several UV torches to share.
Members (and prospective members) are advised that the Annual General Meeting of the Paluma & District Community Association Inc. will be held on:
Saturday,April 23, 2022, at 12pm for a BBQ lunch followed by the AGM at 1pm in the Community Hall
Nominations are open for all Executive Committee positions. Nominations should be forwarded to any member of the Executive Committee or by email to PalumaPDCA@gmailcom. Please use the nomination forms, which can be downloaded here.
Positions are:
President,
1 or 2 Vice-Presidents
Secretary
Treasurer
General Committee members (numbers flexible)
Members are reminded that Annual Subscriptions are now due and should be paid prior to the commencement of the AGM. Membership is $45.00 Please use the subscription form here to submit your dues. New members are more than welcome and should use the same form.
Please note that you must be a PDCA member to nominate someone to the Committee or vote for any Committee member.
The AGM will be followed immediately by a normal General Meeting with the new Committee.
Over the last month or so, one of the consistently flowering plants in my garden, as well as other gardens in the village has been bromeliads.
Broms belong to the family Bromeliacea which includes “air plants” in the genus Tillandsia. They come in an amazing range of colours (on both the flowers and leaves) and flower shapes. They can grow anywhere from full sun to deep shade and in wet and dry habitats.
In Paluma they are great plants for “mature” gardens with a full shady canopy that restricts the number of brightly flowering plants that can grow in the gloom. Currently one of my favourite broms is blooming throughout the village. Bilbergia pyramidalis, like most bromeliads, comes from South America. Its common names (flaming torch and foolproof plant) are certainly apt. It has a stunning large red and purple flower and it tends (at least in my garden to bloom during only a short few days in March when the effect in mass plantings is quite spectacular.
Bilbergia pyramidalisThe beginnings of a mass planting next to Wilfred’s house
This year the blooming period seems to be less synchronous and more prolonged, perhaps due to the lack of a “proper” wet season.
This species grows prolifically in semi-shaded to fully shaded areas and it is dead-easy (fool proof) to grow and propagate. I have created a living boundary “fence” along one side of my garden by heaping up my endless supply of branch timings and then just tossing B. pyramidalis onto the top of the pile. Three to six months later it formed a living cover and a spectacle of colour once a year thereafter.
A living and flowering border fence
Another stunning relative of the bromeliad that has just finished flowering is the Pink quill (Tillandsia cyanea).
Tillandsias are also called air plants since they can grow epiphytically on tree trunks or rocks without any soil. T. cyanea is different in that it prefers to grow in a small pot of well drained soil. It produces 2-4 “pups” each year so it doesn’t take long to get a row of these delightful plants lined up on a ledge in your garden (see the header for this post).
Tillandsia cyanea
Some of the other broms that have been flowering, or showing off their colours are also shown below, together with any names I have been able to attribute to them (this is still a work in progress). If you are interested in long-lived flowers then Guzmania conifer and Achmea fasciata keep their blooms for up to 6 months or more!
