Category: Gardens

Substantial winter rainfall at Paluma over the past few weeks has meant that conditions are still rather wet and boggy round the village and in our gardens. While many of us are keen for things to dry out a bit so we can get into the garden and prepare for spring, the local frogs appear to be relishing the damp conditions.

In my garden there is a small, but apparently permanent population of very handsome brown/coppery coloured frogs that like to inhabit both the leafy garden and the back veranda. They especially love living inside the foliage of pot plants on the verandah where it is cool, shady and damp. I finally managed to capture a photograph of one of these frogs last weekend.

In consulting Clifford and Dawn Frith’s book on ‘Australian Tropical Reptiles and Frogs’, I have tentatively identified this frog as the ‘Green-eyed Frog’ (Litoria [serrata] genimaculata).

In describing the Green-eyed Frog, the Frith’s note that it is tropical species confined to rainforests in Australia and New Guinea. They note that this species has evolved to be a master of disguise as it can transform its colour and shape to closely match its microhabitat. It has developed rows of small pieces of skin (lappets) along the edge of its limbs – these can be seen in my photograph on the front and hind limbs. The lappets obscure the normal frog outline, or contours of the body, making the animal more difficult to see amongst its usual habitat of rainforest and vegetated creeks (and my garden).

The Green-eyed Frog is highly variable in colour, with the body usually a shade of brown, reddish-brown or copper, with irregular darker patches. There is usually a dark or russet larger colour patch between the eyes – this patch can be seen quite clearly in my photograph. These frogs grow to an average length of about 65 mm.

Another reference book, Tyler and Knight’s ‘Field Guide to the Frogs of Australia’ notes that the upper half of the frogs iris is green (hence the common name). This I cannot discern from my recent observations or my photograph – but next time I see a Green-eyed Frog in my garden I will be sure to look deeply into its eyes!

Text & Photo by Michele Bird

Everyone’s heard of the ‘Yellow Brick Road’, but have you seen Paluma’s Green Brick Road?…………Ok, so it’s not a road, but it is a winding driveway in the brightest shade of green!.

At No. 13 Lennox Crescent the paved drive-way is covered in thick green moss, which at certain times of the day and at differing lights appears to be fluorescent green.

While many Paluma residents lament the endless cleaning of mould, mildew, algae, lichen, moss and many other creepy-crawly plants and organisms from inside and outside their homes, the moss at No. 13 Lennox Crescent is a great example of how attractive these spreading, growing mediums can be.

Residents John and Kay report that numerous attempts over many years to clean the moss from the drive-way have proved fruitless. The moss always regrows and it has won out in the end. Now, they just leave it to grow and thrive in the damp cool mountain air. In places, it forms a dense mat of green and is spongy under foot to walk on.

The drive-way at No. 13 Lennox Crescent is no ordinary drive-way. John says that this access track was first cleared by the Americans during World War 2. John and Kay paved the drive-way some 30 years ago with recycled bricks they got from other Paluma residents, Chris and Merle.

If you follow this ‘Green Brick Road’ you will just end up at John and Kay’s place, but next time you take a walk along Lennox Crescent take a moment to admire their unique and very green moss-covered drive-way!

Among the colourful visitors to my garden recently was this beautiful female Orchard Swallowtail Butterfly, (Papilio  aegeus).  This species is also known as the Large Citrus Butterfly because of the preference of its larvae for feasting on citrus leaves.  The butterfly feeds on the nectar of plants, particularly lantana.  This one however was resting on a flower-laden choko vine. 

The Orchard Swallowtail Butterfly is found in Eastern Australia, ranging from Victoria to Cape York and into PNG.  Its usual habitat is lowland rainforest, dry eucalypt woodlands, orchards and suburban gardens so it is not common to see one here in Paluma.  The female lays eggs on the underside of leaves of host trees and the eggs hatch a week later.  The larvae are patterned in green, brown and a creamy colour and look remarkably like bird droppings: no doubt an excellent camouflage from potential predators.

The female with a wing span of about 105 to 110 mm is slightly larger and more colourful than the male but both attract attention when fluttering through the garden.  This butterfly is sometimes considered a pest because of its habit of feeding on citrus leaves in suburban gardens.

Text and photo by Colwyn Campbell

Red-bellied Black Snake   (Pseudechis porphyriacus)

Some recent, and unexpected encounters with Red-bellied (or Common) Black Snakes have prompted me (Colwyn Campbell) to write this article about the slithery reptile. I regularly meet these creatures in my garden and whilst out walking.  My most recent encounter was last week at 7.30 in the morning after a night of heavy rain.  

I was sweeping leaves off the front veranda and had left the door open so that Flossie (my dog) could follow me out. Becoming aware of activity behind me I turned to see, between me and the door, Flossie engaged in a vigorous pas de deux with a very large red-bellied black snake.  Without thinking, I used the broom to drag Flossie close enough to grab her by the collar and throw her inside the house, while at the same time trying to fend off the snake and foil its apparent intention of entering the house. I then leapt inside and slammed the door.  Poor thing – it probably only needed a warm, dry place to escape from the cold and rain-sodden garden.  But I didn’t want it inside my house!  I watched it coil up near my firewood box, then promptly rang my neighbour (Len Cook) who sent the snake on its way by turning the hose on it.  This is the largest red-bellied black snake I have seen in my area so naturally, I am concerned that Flossie does not meet up with it again.

The red-bellied black snake is so much part of the Paluma rainforest environment that most of us take its presence for granted. Gardeners know to make a few thrusts with a rake to move snoozing serpents away before starting to weed the garden, but what do we really know about these beautiful (but to some, evil and rather terrifying) creatures?

The red-bellied black snake is a member of the Elapidae Family – venomous snakes with fixed poison fangs at the front of the upper jaw.  They occur mostly in the tropics, however the red-bellied black snake ranges through much of south-eastern Australia and up to the Atherton Tableland, inhabiting well-watered areas such as woodlands, swamps, creeks, river banks – and Paluma gardens. Its preferred diet is frogs and small lizards, but fish and small mammals may also be included on the menu.  A handsome creature, growing to an average of 1.25 metres, the snake’s sleek, glossy black scales shimmer on the upper surface, while the underbelly can vary from a brilliant red to a pale, creamy pink. 

Although the red-bellied black snake’s venom is capable of causing significant illness, fatalities in humans are rare, its bite being less venomous than other Australian elapids, such as the king brown snake or taipan.  The venom contains neurotoxins, myotoxins, coagulants and has haemolytic properties.  Fortunately, the red-bellied black snake is not an aggressive species and will move out of the way rather than face an unpleasant encounter.  When provoked, it will assume a striking stance, hiss loudly and flatten the neck and body in a display that is mostly bluff.

That Flossie has not been bitten during the course of her many confrontations with black snakes is proof to me of their docile nature.

Snakes entered Australia millions of years ago from Asia, probably when the continental land masses were still joined.  Two main groups of Elapids developed – one group comprised small nocturnal species with specialized feeding habits; and the other group, larger snakes, diurnal (active by day) and with more general diets.  This group includes some of the deadliest snakes in the world: brown snakes, black snakes and taipans.

Live-bearing arose in two different lineages of Australian elapids. In one lineage, only a single species is viviparous: the common red-bellied black snake.  It is alone among its closest relatives in bearing live young and because of this was able to expand the range of the genus into cooler, south-eastern parts of the country, whereas most egg-laying elapids such as taipans and king brown snakes, are found in warmer or tropical regions.

In bearing live young the female has the advantage of a shorter pregnancy. Eggs retained inside the mother’s body are kept warmer and develop faster than eggs laid in the earth, where in cold climates a low soil temperature impedes development of the embryo, even to the extent of preventing hatching before the arrival of the frosts of autumn.  Live bearing benefits the young: enabling them to be born much earlier in the season, thus allowing them to feed and find shelter before the colder weather arrives.  The baby snakes are born in a clutch of between ten and twenty, each encased in an amniotic sac from which they emerge within a few minutes ready to fend for themselves.

Black snakes like to maintain a body temperature close to 30 degrees Celsius.   Many factors will determine how quickly a snake heats up: the intensity of solar radiation, wind, air temperature and the amount of the snake’s surface that is exposed to the sun.  They can regulate their temperature by selecting a warm or cool position to lie, often by moving only a few centimetres, from lawn to beneath a shrub, for example.  The snake can position its body so that only a small part is exposed but the warmed blood will carry heat to the rest of the body.  If food is scarce, the snake benefits by being inactive and cool rather than expending energy and heat by hunting.

In spring, black snakes emerge and bask in the morning, heating up rapidly.  They maintain their optimum body temperature all day even though the air temperature may drop below 20 degrees.  In summer however, they generally do not bask, even if the morning is cool and their body temperature is quite low.  Rather than heat up immediately they choose to remain cooler.  Black snakes are actually cooler when the weather is hotter.

Pregnant females bask longer than non-pregnant females as warmth accelerates development of the embryos and is advantageous to both the mother and the young.  An interesting observation is made by herpetologist Rick Shine (whose excellent book  Australian Snakes: A Natural History, I have delved into for most of this information regarding black snakes). He describes the gathering together in summer of small groups, of two to six pregnant females when near to giving birth. They share a common night-time retreat, usually a burrow, and emerge together in the morning to bask.  Female black snakes in late pregnancy do not feed so they remain in the vicinity of their burrow for weeks.

Although tending not to roam far from their own territory during the year, males in the spring mating season may travel up to 1 km in a day in search of a female. That is when you are most likely to come across one on the Paluma walking tracks!  

Snakes have an undeservedly bad reputation, starting from the Biblical serpent who tempted Eve, to the wicked Mrs Black Snake who menaced Snugglepot and Cuddlepie.  Other cultures have revered the snake and for many it was regarded as a symbol of knowledge and wisdom.  Next time you come across a red-bellied black snake in your garden, pause and admire it for the beautiful and complex creature it is.

Article by Colwyn Campbell

References & More Information:  

Rick Shine – Australian Snakes: A Natural History and Graeme Gow – Complete Guide to Australian Snakes.

                   

The Eastern Water Skink (Eulamprus quoyii) is a relatively large skink, growing up to 30cm in length. These skinks are common at Paluma and are often observed in gardens and on walking tracks, mostly basking in the sun. I have skinks living in and around my garden, in the garage and on the roof of the house. Mostly I see them when I am gardening and especially when I am disturbing the mulch or leaf litter. They wait nearby, closely watching the ground for any movement of insects for them to eat. Their diet consists of small invertebrates including worms, snails, insects and spiders and smaller lizards. They have also been recorded eating ripe fruits and berries. 

As their name suggests, Eastern Water Skinks love the water. They are adept swimmers and can remain submerged for some time. They tend to live close to streams, creeks and waterways, as well bushland and vegetated urban areas.

As reptiles, Eastern Water Skinks need to generate body heat by basking in the sun – they are solar-powered skinks! They also regulate their temperature by cooling off in water. I have often seen them seeking out the sprinkler on hot summer days to sit under the cooling sprays of water. 

These skinks have beautiful colouration which also makes them masters of camouflage in the garden and amongst the rocks and foliage of bushland. Their upper body is dark to golden brown in colour with a coppery-olive sheen. Along their sides they are dark-brown to black in colour with whitish spots and a yellow to white stripe that runs along each side of the body from the eyes to the tail. The underside (belly) is usually pale white or grey in colour. 

During the month of April, these skinks will start preparing for winter by basking in the sun for many hours and by feeding as much as possible. In winter they will brumate – this means they conserve their energy by resting much of the time and they will only leave their shelter to search for food when necessary. They do not fully hibernate, but they reduce their activity substantially compared with the warmer months of the year.

Eastern Water Skinks mate during spring and the female gives birth to live young, usually between two and nine young in each litter. The tiny baby skinks are independent from birth.

To encourage these beautiful skinks into your garden, plant some low-growing native shrubs and ground covers. Place mulch, leaf litter, rocks, logs, sticks, branches and other places for them to shelter around the garden. A water feature such as a small pond or birdbath will also encourage their visitation – with the added benefit of bringing in the birds and frogs too!

Text & Photos by Michele Bird (For Roy who inspired my interest in these skinks and who was originally going to write this article).

NATIVE BEES AT PALUMA

I am not a beekeeper as such, but I do like to think I am ‘keeping’ plants for the bees. Now that I am a keen gardener (Paluma does that to you!) I read lots of books and magazines on how to improve my gardening skills. ‘Keep the good bugs’ has been the consensus of many authors. In his book, The Bee Friendly Garden, Doug Purdie says “Bees are our most important pollinators and they are in decline the world over…….conventional gardens that favour lawns and pesticides over flowers and edible plants are scaring the good bugs away”.

With that in mind, I often wander around my garden to see who is visiting. I sometimes take my camera to see if I can catch the action.

The Teddy Bear Bee is one of my favourite native bees. This bee can grow up to 15 mm long and makes its nest at the end of a burrow up to 10 cm long in creek beds or garden rubble. This one was enjoying itself on my Melastoma affine (blue-tongue shrub) and the flowering salvias in my back garden.

Another regular garden visitor is the Great Carpenter Bee. At first I thought this was a bumble bee, but apparently Australia has no native bumble bees. This is the largest Australian bee growing from 15 to 24 mm. They cut nest burrows in soft timber such as the dead limbs of mango trees. I wonder where my visitors are living…..?

I have also seen the Blue-Banded Bee in my garden, about the size of a honey bee, and evidenced the possible presence of one of the 150 described species of Leafcutter Bees.

I am not an expert on bees – just an interested spectator, but if you have any questions I might know the answer, or know where to look.

Happy gardening and remember ‘Plant for the Pollinators.’  

Text & Photos by Jennie Robinson